The Hidden Impact: Psychosomatic Disorders

Introduction
In the array of human health, the relationship between mental and physical health is an area of profound importance. The link between “psyche” and “soma” has been recognized for a long time, however terminologies and concepts for analyzing the expressions systematically have been developed recently in modern times (Oken, 2007). This gave rise to the idea of “Psychosomatic Disorders”, a category of disorders that highlights the interplay of mind and body. Psychosomatic disorders are defined as physical illnesses caused by unpleasant mental or emotional states in which physiological (somatic) functioning is adversely affected by psychological stress to the point of discomfort. From the common cold to chronic pain, anxiety to stomach ache or headaches, these conditions appear in a variety of ways, often challenging our conventional views of physical and psychological conditions, demonstrating the complex interaction of our thoughts, emotions, and bodily experiences.

Symptoms

The term psychosomatic is derived from the Greek words “psyche” (mind) and “soma” (body), with “psyche” referring to behavior and “soma” denoting the body of the individual. It demonstrates that our mental well-being can have potential impacts on our physical health. Psychosomatic disorder can be witnessed in various forms, with common symptoms including headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, fatigue, chronic pain, cardiovascular symptoms, etc. These symptoms are often persistent and can severely disrupt day-to-day life, affecting relationships, work and overall well-being of an individual (Nisar & Shrivastava, 2018). Its development tends to be marked by a genetic predisposition to developing mental health problems that can be worsened by stressful life experiences. Medical and mental health professionals often find it challenging and confusing to treat these disorders. Research suggests about 10% of patients in pediatric practices have a psychosomatic diagnosis. Studies also reveal that these symptoms are at its peak during a certain age for boys (age 7) and girls (age 6 and 16). During adolescence, these symptoms may increase and can be typically recognized during developmental periods, in the form of abdominal pain, chest pain, persistent fatigue and headaches (Rickert & Magaziner, 1994). 

Types of Psychosomatic Disorders

Zegarelli, Kutscher and Hyman in 1978 classified the psychosomatic disorders in four categories. First, Psychoneurotic disorders which involve psychological distress leading to physical symptoms without recognizable organic causes. Second, Psychophysiological disorders which exhibit physiological dysfunction and eventual tissue damage influenced by psychological distress such as stress or emotions. Third, Personality disorders encompass chronic patterns of behavior and cognition leading to distress and impairments in various life domains. And fourth, Psychotic disorder which involves severe mental illness affecting cognition, perception, emotions and behavior of an individual, often presenting dissociation with reality. This classification helps us understand the diverse ways in which psychological and emotional factors can affect our physical health as well as mental well-being.

Common Psychosomatic Disorders

There are various different Psychosomatic disorders which have been identified. Most common of those are Somatic Stress Disorder(SSD), Somatization disorder, Conversion disorder and Hypochondriasis(Illness Anxiety disorder). Somatic Stress Disorder (SSD) can be characterized as a condition where individuals deal with significant and distressing physical symptoms that may or may not have a medical cause. Its key feature is the disproportionate level of concern and distress exhibited by individuals with SSD. Individuals with Somatization disorder may have bodily complaints, such as nausea, vomiting, and premature ejaculation, or ones without a physical basis. Conversion disorder is a condition in which a person has neurological symptoms such as paralysis or blindness that impair their perceptions and movement but seem not to have a physical basis. Hypochondriasis, also known as Illness Anxiety disorder, is a condition where one believes that common bodily functions or symptoms indicate a serious illness. People with this disorder might interpret their headache as a severe brain injury, or discomfort in muscles as an indication of potential paralysis.

Treatments

The treatment of Psychosomatic disorders involves comprehensive, evidence based strategies considering both physical symptoms and psychological factors. Effective management includes clearly communicating with patients, emphasizing empathy and understanding. Modifications in lifestyle such as engaging in activities that promote healthy habits, play a significant role in improving the overall well-being of an individual. In case of persistent symptoms, incorporation of psychotherapy becomes a crucial intervention, helping patients express emotional aspects and develop adaptive coping techniques. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy can be for this treatment which addresses the response of patients towards their stressful experiences and how they cope with it. For more complex cases, a multidisciplinary approach for treatment can be incorporated. Medications can also be utilised in order to provide relief from symptoms such as fatigue, digestive issues, etc, though it might not be required in various instances. The objective of treatment is to strengthen functioning and quality of life by understanding the interaction of mind and body, using a person-centered approach empowering individuals to actively manage and cope with psychosomatic symptoms and bodily distress.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the relationship between our mental and physical health is crucial, as demonstrated by psychosomatic disorders. By adopting comprehensive treatments that address both physiological and psychological aspects, individuals can be motivated to overcome bodily distress and gain holistic well-being. In order to promote resilience and vitality in the mind-body connection, there is still a need for continuous advancement in this area.